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appropriate technology
Appropriate technology is an ideological movement (and its manifestations) originally articulated as intermediate technology by the economist Dr. Ernst Friedrich "Fritz" Schumacher in his influential work, ''Small is Beautiful.'' Though the nuances of appropriate technology vary between fields and applications, it is generally recognized as encompassing technological choice and application that is small-scale, decentralized, labor-intensive, energy-efficient, environmentally sound, and locally controlled. Both Schumacher and many modern-day proponents of appropriate technology also emphasize the technology as people-centered.
Appropriate technology has been used to address issues in a wide range of fields. Well-known examples of appropriate technology applications include: bike- and hand-powered water pumps (and other self-powered equipment), the universal nut sheller, self-contained solar lamps and streetlights, and passive solar building designs. Today appropriate technology is often developed using open source principles, which have led to open-source appropriate technology (OSAT) and thus many of the plans of the technology can be freely found on the Internet.〔A. J. Buitenhuis, I. Zelenika and J. M. Pearce, "Open Design-Based Strategies to Enhance Appropriate Technology Development", ''Proceedings of the 14th Annual National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance Conference : Open'', March 25–27th 2010, pp. 1–12.(pdf )〕 OSAT has been proposed as a new model of enabling innovation for sustainable development.〔Pearce J., Albritton S., Grant G., Steed G., & Zelenika I. 2012. (A new model for enabling innovation in appropriate technology for sustainable development ). ''Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy'' 8(2), pp. 42-53, 2012. (PDF )〕〔I. Zelenika and J.M. Pearce, (Innovation Through Collaboration: Scaling up Technological Solutions for Sustainable Development ), ''Environment, Development and Sustainability'' 16(6): 1299-1316 (2014). 〕
Appropriate technology is most commonly discussed in its relationship to economic development and as an alternative to transfers of capital-intensive technology from industrialized nations to developing countries.〔 However, appropriate technology movements can be found in both developing and developed countries. In developed countries, the appropriate technology movement grew out of the energy crisis of the 1970s and focuses mainly on environmental and sustainability issues.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The History of NCAT )〕
==Background==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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